Epidemiology, Burden, and Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly increasing non-communicable disease and a major global public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to synthesize current evidence on the epidemiology, burden, and prevention of diabetes mellitus, with emphasis on global trends and implications for Nigeria. A narrative review was conducted using literature from databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, alongside reports from international organizations such as the World Health Organization and the International Diabetes Federation.

Globally, an estimated 537 million adults were living with diabetes in 2021, with projections rising to 643 million by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. The burden is increasing disproportionately in Africa due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle transitions, weak health systems, and a high proportion of undiagnosed cases. In Nigeria, diabetes prevalence continues to rise, driven by unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and increasing obesity rates, with significant clinical and economic consequences. Current evidence suggests that diabetes prevalence in Nigeria ranges from approximately 3.0% to over 5.9% among adults, with higher rates observed in urban populations.

Preventive strategies, including lifestyle modification, early screening, and effective disease management are essential to reduce disease burden. Strengthening primary healthcare systems, improving access to essential medicines, and promoting multi-sectoral interventions are critical for effective control. Coordinated efforts at individual, community, and health system levels are required to improve outcomes and reduce long-term complications. Urgent prioritization of diabetes within national health policies and increased investment in preventive and primary healthcare services are essential to curb the rising burden and achieve sustainable health outcomes.